LAWS/PRINCIPLES





DETERMALMO'S BLOG


Ampere's Law
The line integral of the magnetic flux around a closed curve is proportional to the algebraic sum of electric currents flowing through that closed curve; or, in differential form curl B = J.
This was later modified to add a second term when it was incorporated into Maxwell's equations.

Archimedes' Principle


Avogadro's Hypothesis (1811)


Bernoulli's Equation


Biot-Savart Law

Boyle's Law (1662); Mariotte's law (1676)

Bragg's Law (1912)

The continuous random motion of solid microscopic particles when suspended in a fluid medium due to the consequence of ongoing bombardment by atoms and molecules.

A quantum mechanical effect, where two very large plates placed close to each other will experience an attractive force, in the absence of other forces. The cause is virtual particle-antiparticle pair creation in the vicinity of the plates. Also, the speed of light will be increased in the region between the two plates, in the direction perpendicular to them.
The principle that cause must always preceed effect. More formally, if an event A ("the cause") somehow influences an event B ("the effect") which occurs later in time, then event B cannot in turn have an influence on event A. That is, event B must occur at a later time t than event A, and further, all frames must agree upon this ordering.

A pseudoforce on an object when it is moving in uniform circular motion. The "force" is directed outward from the center of motion.

Charles' Law (1787)


Cherenkov Radiation
Radiation emitted by a massive particle which is moving faster than light in the medium through which it is traveling. No particle can travel faster than light in vacuum, but the speed of light in other media, such as water, glass, etc., are considerably lower. Cherenkov radiation is the electromagnetic analogue of the sonic boom, though Cherenkov radiation is a shockwave set up in the electromagnetic field.

Complementarity Principle
The principle that a given system cannot exhibit both wave-like behavior and particle-like behavior at the same time. That is, certain experiments will reveal the wave-like nature of a system, and certain experiments will reveal the particle-like nature of a system, but no experiment will reveal both simultaneously.
An effect that demonstrates that photons (the quantum of electromagnetic radiation) have momentum. A photon fired at a stationary particle, such as an electron, will impart momentum to the electron and, since its energy has been decreased, will experience a corresponding decrease in frequency.


The total mass-energy of a closed system remains constant.
The total electric charge of a closed system remains constant.
The total linear momentum of a closed system remains constant.
The total angular momentum of a closed system remains constant.

Constancy Principle
One of the postulates of A. Einstein's special theory of relativity, which puts forth that the speed of light in vacuum is measured as the same speed to all observers, regardless of their relative motion.
 
An equation which states that a fluid flowing through a pipe flows at a rate which is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area of the pipe. It is in essence a restatement of the conservation of mass during constant flow.

The idea, suggested by Copernicus, that the Sun, not the Earth, is at the center of the Universe. We now know that neither idea is correct.


Coriolis Pseudoforce (1835)
A pseudo force which arises because of motion relative to a frame of reference which is itself rotating relative to a second, inertial frame. The magnitude of the Coriolis "force" is dependent on the speed of the object relative to the noninertial frame, and the direction of the "force" is orthogonal to the object's velocity.
The principle that when a new, more general theory is put forth, it must reduce to the more specialized (and usually simpler) theory under normal circumstances. There are correspondence principles for general relativity to special relativity and special relativity to Newtonian mechanics, but the most widely known correspondence principle is that of quantum mechanics to classical mechanics.

Coulomb's Law
The primary law for electrostatics, analogous to Newton's law of universal gravitation. It states that the force between two point charges is proportional to the algebraic product of their respective charges as well as proportional to the inverse square of the distance between them.

Curie's Law

Curie-Weiss Law
A more general form of Curie's Law, which states that the susceptibility of a paramagnetic substance is related to its thermodynamic temperature T by the equation KHI = C/T - W, where W is the Weiss constant.

Dalton's Law of partial pressures

Waves emitted by a moving object as received by an observer will be blueshifted (compressed) if approaching, redshifted (elongated) if receding. It occurs both in sound as well as electromagnetic phenomena.

Dulong-Petit Law (1819)
The cornerstone of Einstein's general theory of relativity, relating the gravitational tensor G to the
stress-energy tensor T by the simple equation G = 8 pi T.

 
The energy E of a particle is equal to its mass M times the square of the speed of light c, giving rise to the best known physics equation in the Universe: E = M c2.
The basic postulate of A. Einstein's general theory of relativity, which posits that an acceleration is fundamentally indistinguishable from a gravitational field. 

Faraday's Law


Faraday's Laws of electrolysis
Faraday's first law of electrolysis
The amount of chemical change during electrolysis is proportional to the charge passed.
The charge Q required to deposit or liberate a mass m is proportional to the charge z of the ion, the mass, and inversely proportional to the relative ionic mass M; mathematically Q = F m z / M,
An electromotive force is induced in a conductor when the magnetic field surrounding it changes.

Faraday's second law of electromagnetic induction
The magnitude of the electromotive force is proportional to the rate of change of the field.
The sense of the induced electromotive force depends on the direction of the rate of the change of the field.
The principle states that the path taken by a ray of light between any two points in a system is always the path that takes the least time.

Gauss' Law


Gauss' Law for magnetic fields
The magnetic flux through a closed surface is zero; no magnetic charges exist; in differential form
div B = 0.
When charged particles flow through a tube which has both an electric field and a magnetic field (perpendicular to the electric field) present in it, only certain velocities of the charged particles are preferred, and will make it un-deviated through the tube; the rest will be deflected into the sides.


Hooke's Law


Huygens'  Principle
An equation which sums up the ideal gas laws in one simple equation P V = n R T,

Joule-Thomson Effect; Joule-Kelvin Effect


Joule's Laws
The heat Q produced when a current I flows through a resistance R for a specified time t is given by Q = I2 R t .
The sum of the potential differences encountered in a round trip around any closed loop in a circuit is zero.
The sum of the currents toward a branch point is equal to the sum of the currents away from the same branch point.

Kohlrausch's Law


Lambert's Laws
Lambert's first law
The illuminance on a surface illuminated by light falling on it perpendicularly from a point source is proportional to the inverse square of the distance between the surface and the source.

If the rays meet the surface at an angle, then the illuminance is proportional to the cosine of the angle with the normal.

The luminous intensity of light decreases exponentially with distance as it travels through an absorbing medium.
For steady-state heat conduction in one dimension, the temperature distribution is the solution to Laplace's equation, which states that the second derivative of temperature with respect to displacement is zero.


Lenz's Law (1835)


The ratio of the speed of an object in a given medium to the speed of sound in that medium.


Mach's Principle (1870)

Gauss' law
The electric flux through a closed surface is proportional to the algebraic sum of electric charges contained within that closed surface; in differential form div E = rho, where rho is the charge density.

Gauss' law for magnetic fields
The magnetic flux through a closed surface is zero; no magnetic charges exist. In differential form div B = 0.

Faraday's law
The line integral of the electric field around a closed curve is proportional to the instantaneous time rate of change of the magnetic flux through a surface bounded by that closed curve; in differential form curl E = -dB/dt,

The line integral of the magnetic field around a closed curve is proportional to the sum of two terms: first, the algebraic sum of electric currents flowing through that closed curve; and second, the instantaneous time rate of change of the electric flux through a surface bounded by that closed curve; in differential form curl H = J + dD/dt,.

Murphy's Law (1942)


Newton's Law of universal gravitation
Two bodies attract each other with equal and opposite forces; the magnitude of this force is proportional to the product of the two masses and is also proportional to the inverse square of the distance between the centers of mass of the two bodies; F = (G m M/r2) e, where m and M are the masses of the two bodies, r is the distance between. the two, and e is a unit vector directed from the test mass to the second.

Newton's Laws of motion
Newton's first law of motion
A body continues in its state of constant velocity (which may be zero) unless it is acted upon by an external force.

For an unbalanced force acting on a body, the acceleration produced is proportional to the force impressed; the constant of proportionality is the inertial mass of the body.
In a system where no external forces are present, every action force is always opposed by an equal and opposite reaction force.

Occam's  Razor (1340)


Ohm's Law (1827)

Pascal's Principle

In a hierarchy, every employee tends to rise to his level of incompetence.
The quantum mechanical equation relating the energy of a photon E to its frequency nu: E = h nu.

For a wavefront intersecting a reflecting surface, the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection, in the same plane defined by the ray of incidence and the normal.


For a wavefront traveling through a boundary between two media, the first with a refractive index of n1, and the other with one of n2, the angle of incidence theta is related to the angle of refraction phi by n1 sin theta = n2 sin phi.


The principle, employed by Einstein's relativity theories, that the laws of physics are the same, at least qualitatively, in all frames. That is, there is no frame that is better (or qualitatively any different) from any other. This principle, along with the constancy principle, constitute the founding principles of special relativity.

Stefan-Boltzmann Law


Superposition Principle
The general idea that, when a number of influences are acting on a system, the total influence on that system is merely the sum of the individual influences; that is, influences governed by the superposition principle add linearly.



The change in internal energy of a system is the sum of the heat transferred to or from the system and the work done on or by the system.

The entropy -- a measure of the unavailability of a system's energy to do useful work -- of a closed system tends to increase with time.

For changes involving only perfect crystalline solids at absolute zero, the change of the total entropy is zero.

If two bodies are each in thermal equilibrium with a third body, then all three bodies are in thermal equilibrium with each other.

A principle, central to quantum mechanics, which states that two complementary parameters (such as position and momentum, energy and time, or angular momentum and angular displacement) cannot both be known to infinite accuracy; the more you know about one, the less you know about the other.
 
Forces responsible for the non-ideal behavior of gases, and for the lattice energy of molecular crystals. There are three causes: dipole-dipole interaction; dipole-induced dipole moments; and dispersion forces arising because of small instantaneous dipoles in atoms.


Wave-Particle Duality


Wiedemann-Franz Law





WISE QUOTES
 “Count your age by friends, not years. Count your life by smiles, not tears.”

“The secret of life, though, is to fall seven times and to get up eight times.”

“There is neither happiness nor misery in the world; there is only the comparison of one state with another, nothing more. He who has felt the deepest grief is best able to experience supreme happiness. We must of felt what it is to die, Morrel, that we may appreciate the enjoyments of life.

" Live, then, and be happy, beloved children of my heart, and never forget, that until the day God will deign to reveal the future to man, all human wisdom is contained in these two words, 'Wait and Hope.”

“In a good bookroom you feel in some mysterious way that you are absorbing the wisdom contained in all the books through your skin, without even opening them.”

“The fool doth think he is wise, but the wise man knows himself to be a fool.”

“Whenever you find yourself on the side of the majority, it is time to pause and reflect.”
“The only way to get through life is to laugh your way through it. You either have to laugh or cry. I prefer to laugh. Crying gives me a headache.”

“Any fool can know. The point is to understand.”

“Knowing others is intelligence; knowing yourself is true wisdom. Mastering others is strength; mastering yourself is true power. If you realize that you have enough, you are truly rich.”

“It's a dangerous business, Frodo, going out your door. You step onto the road, and if you don't keep your feet, there's no knowing where you might be swept off to.”

“Don't Gain The World & Lose Your Soul, Wisdom Is Better Than Silver Or Gold.”

“Learn from the mistakes of others. You can never live long enough to make them all yourself.”

“The man of knowledge must be able not only to love his enemies but also to hate his friends.”

“Trees are poems the earth writes upon the sky, We fell them down and turn them into paper,
That we may record our emptiness.”

“We must be willing to let go of the life we planned so as to have the life that is waiting for us.”

“There are three things all wise men fear: the sea in storm, a night with no moon, and the anger of a gentle man.”

“You yourself, as much as anybody in the entire universe, deserve your love and affection”

“Sell your cleverness and buy bewilderment.”

“There are moments when troubles enter our lives and we can do nothing to avoid them.
But they are there for a reason. Only when we have overcome them will we understand why they were there.”

“The mouth is made for communication, and nothing is more articulate than a kiss.”

“Nothing, Everything, Anything, Something: If you have nothing, then you have everything, because you have the freedom to do anything, without the fear of losing something.”

“The older I grow, the more I distrust the familiar doctrine that age brings wisdom.”

“If you win, you need not have to explain...If you lose, you should not be there to explain!”

“I’m not waiting until my hair turns white to become patient and wise. Nope, I’m dyeing my hair tonight.”

“I think I've discovered the secret of life -- you just hang around until you get used to it.”

“I’m not in this world to live up to your expectations and you’re not in this world to live up to mine.”

"Just that," said the fox. "To me, you are still nothing more than a little boy who is just like a hundred thousand other little boys. And I have no need of you. And you, on your part, have no need of me. To you I am nothing more than a fox like a hundred thousand other foxes. But if you tame me, then we shall need each other. To me, you will be unique in all the world. To you, I shall be unique in all the world....”

“Don't waste your time with explanations: people only hear what they want to hear.”

“There comes a point when you either embrace who and what you are, or condemn yourself to be miserable all your days. Other people will try to make you miserable; don't help them by doing the job yourself.”

“We can know only that we know nothing. And that is the highest degree of human wisdom.”

“The desire to reach for the stars is ambitious. The desire to reach hearts is wise.”

“Anybody can look at a pretty girl and see a pretty girl. An artist can look at a pretty girl and see the old woman she will become. A better artist can look at an old woman and see the pretty girl that she used to be. But a great artist-a master-and that is what Auguste Rodin was-can look at an old woman, protray her exactly as she is...and force the viewer to see the pretty girl she used to be...and more than that, he can make anyone with the sensitivity of an armadillo, or even you, see that this lovely young girl is still alive, not old and ugly at all, but simply prisoned inside her ruined body. He can make you feel the quiet, endless tragedy that there was never a girl born who ever grew older than eighteen in her heart...no matter what the merciless hours have done to her. Look at her, Ben. Growing old doesn't matter to you and me; we were never meant to be admired-but it does to them.”

“You can search throughout the entire universe for someone who is more deserving of your love and affection than you are yourself, and that person is not to be found anywhere. You, yourself, as much as anybody in the entire universe, deserve your love and affection.”

“Pain is a pesky part of being human, I've learned it feels like a stab wound to the heart, something I wish we could all do without, in our lives here. Pain is a sudden hurt that can't be escaped. But then I have also learned that because of pain, I can feel the beauty, tenderness, and freedom of healing. Pain feels like a fast stab wound to the heart. But then healing feels like the wind against your face when you are spreading your wings and flying through the air! We may not have wings growing out of our backs, but healing is the closest thing that will give us that wind against our faces.”

“Having children makes you no more a parent than having a piano makes you a pianist.”

“Do you not see how necessary a world of pains and troubles is to school an intelligence and make it a soul?”

“That's what real love amounts to - letting a person be what he really is. Most people love you for who you pretend to be. To keep their love, you keep pretending - performing. You get to love your pretence. It's true, we're locked in an image, an act - and the sad thing is, people get so used to their image, they grow attached to their masks. They love their chains. They forget all about who they really are. And if you try to remind them, they hate you for it, they feel like you're trying to steal their most precious possession.”

“Death is no more than passing from one room into another. But there's a difference for me, you know. Because in that other room I shall be able to see.”

“Sometimes, if you stand on the bottom rail of a bridge and lean over to watch the river slipping slowly away beneath you, you will suddenly know everything there is to be known.”

“The more I read, the more I acquire, the more certain I am that I know nothing.”

“It is unwise to be too sure of one's own wisdom. It is healthy to be reminded that the strongest might weaken and the wisest might err.”

“We shall not cease from exploration and the end of all our exploring will be to arrive where we started
and know the place for the first time.”

“A wise man will make more opportunities than he finds.”

“Never complain, never explain. Resist the temptation to defend yourself or make excuses.”

“Whenever I hear anyone arguing for slavery, I feel a strong impulse to see it tried on him personally.”

“Nowadays most people die of a sort of creeping common sense, and discover when it is too late that the only things one never regrets are one's mistakes.”

“Yesterday I was clever, so I wanted to change the world. Today I am wise, so I am changing myself.”

“The public have an insatiable curiosity to know everything, except what is worth knowing.”

“In youth, it was a way I had, to do my best to please. And change, with every passing lad
To suit his theories. But now I know the things I know and do the things I do, and if you do not like me so, to hell, my love, with you.”

“It is wise to direct your anger towards problems -- not people; to focus your energies on answers -- not excuses.”

“When a child asks you something, answer him, for goodness sake. But don't make a production of it. Children are children, but they can spot an evasion faster than adults, and evasion simply muddles 'em.”

“For everything in this journey of life we are on, there is a right wing and a left wing: for the wing of love there is anger; for the wing of destiny there is fear; for the wing of pain there is healing; for the wing of hurt there is forgiveness; for the wing of pride there is humility; for the wing of giving there is taking; for the wing of tears there is joy; for the wing of rejection there is acceptance; for the wing of judgment there is grace; for the wing of honor there is shame; for the wing of letting go there is the wing of keeping. We can only fly with two wings and two wings can only stay in the air if there is a balance. Two beautiful wings is perfection. There is a generation of people who idealize perfection as the existence of only one of these wings every time. But I see that a bird with one wing is imperfect. An angel with one wing is imperfect. A butterfly with one wing is dead. So this generation of people strive to always cut off the other wing in the hopes of embodying their ideal of perfection, and in doing so, have created a crippled race.”

“Develop an attitude of gratitude, and give thanks for everything that happens to you, knowing that every step forward is a step toward achieving something bigger and better than your current situation.”

“Relationships are set up to be imperfect. They are designed by the master creator of relationships to be flawed, to be forever inadequate, and to be a work of art.”

“Wisdom is the ability to make wise decisions and pursue them. The bible said "wisdom is the principal thing". This means it's the number one thing ever that you cannot bypass and expect to succeed!”

“the longing for wisdom itself is wisdom' - 'search for a fixed point within yourself, my child, that the world cannot reach' - regard everything that happens as a lifeless painting and do not let yourself be touched by it,”

“When you are able to know the right thing, you are intelligent. But when you choose that right thing to do, you are wise. This means people can get money, education, marriage, and good health and not get wisdom. Wisdom is the number one gift for a Godly success.”

“The Christian does not avoid sin to achieve salvation, but rather salvation brings him to a desire not to sin. The closer that one's spirit is synchronized with the holy knowledge of God, the more he comprehends how and why sin is destructive to himself and others in each and every circumstance. The dwindling desire for sin is a premature gift of Heaven - where there will be no sin, where all will, too, possess that full and complete wisdom; all will have perfect reasons not to sin. In this way, free will might still exist, but the shared wisdom of God will simply outwit all desires, impulses, and needs to sin.”

“The real madness probably is not another thing that the wisdom itself that, tired of discovering the shames of the world, has taken the intelligent resolution to become mad”

“Till they arrived no other lives had been lived here. It made the air that much thinner, harder to breathe. She had not understood, till she came to a place where it was lacking, the extent to which her sense of the world had to do with the presence of those who had been there before, leaving signs of their passing and spaces still warm with their breath - a threshold worn with the coming and going of feet, hedges between fields that went back a thousand years, and the names even further; most of all, the names on headstones, which were their names, under which lay the bones that had made their bones and given them breath.”








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